Protocol

• Six academic data bases were used for searching the literature: Academic search Elite; Science Direct; Web of science/web of knowledge; Wiley online library; EBSCO EJS; SCOPUS (Elsevier).

• Searches were run using the following combination of search terms: “Impact Assessment & Policy Appraisal”; “Impact Assessment & Policy Assessment”; “Impact Assessment & Better Regulation”; “Policy Assessment & Policy Appraisal”; “Policy Assessment & Better Regulation”; “Policy Appraisal and Better Regulation”; “Sustainability Assessment & Policy Appraisal”; “Sustainability Assessment & Policy Assessment”; “Sustainability Assessment & Better Regulation”; “Sustainability Appraisal & Impact Assessment”; “Sustainability Appraisal & Policy Appraisal”; “Sustainability Appraisal & Policy Assessment”; “Sustainability Appraisal & Better Regulation”.

• The searches identified a total of 1931 articles (including duplicates) published since the beginning of 1995 (and up to 15 February 2011).

• Articles to be included in the systematic review were selected by comparing titles and subtitles as well as reading the abstracts. A final decision was only made at the review stage (i.e. by a full read). Articles were selected if they focused on:
  • Policy level Impact Assessment (i.e. not project, programme or plan level)
  • Impact Assessment with a broad scope (i.e. Regulatory Impact Assessment; Integrated Impact Assessment; Sustainability Assessment etc) and hence not Gender, Health or Environmental Impact Assessment.
  • Evaluating and reflecting on Impact Assessment and not developing tools or methodology for Impact Assessment;
  • Developed countries not developing countries.

• The resulting articles were then verified by:
  • Double checking cross references for missing relevant articles (especially grey literature);
  • Sending out list to an Impact Assessment expert network for checking.

• The total number of resulting articles to be included in the systematic review was 188.

List of articles

Abaza H, Hamway R, 2001 “Integrated assessment as a tool for achieving sustainable trade policies” Environmental Impact assessment Review 21(6) 481-510

Achtnicht M, Rennings M, Hertin J, 2009 “Experiences with Integrated Impact Assessment: empirical evidence from a survey in three European member states” Environmental Policy and Governance 19 321-335

Adelle C, Hertin J, Jordan A, 2006 “Sustainable development ‘outside’ the European Union: what role for impact assessment?” European Environment 16(2) 57–62

Alemanno A, 2009 “The better regulation initiative at the judicial gate: a Trojan horse within the Commission’s walls or the way forward?” European Law Journal 15(3) 382–401

Ambler T, Chittenden F, Hwang C, 2005 Regulation: Another form of Taxation?, UK Regulatory Impact Assessments in 2003/4(British Chambers of Commerce, London)

Asselt Marjolein (van) B A, Rijkens–Klomp N, 2002 “A look in the mirror: reflection on participation in integrated assessment from a methodological perspective” Global Environmental Change 12(3)167–184

Bäcklund A K, 2009  “Impact assessment in the European Commission: a system with multiple objectives” Environmental Science and Policy 12(5) 1077-1087

Baldwin R, 2005 “Is better regulation smarter regulation?” Public Law (Autumn) 485–511

Ballantine B, Devonald B, 2006 “Modern regulatory impact analysis: the experience of the European Union” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 44 57–68

Barrow C J, 1997 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (Hodder Arnold, London)

Berger G, 2007 “Sustainability Impact Assessment: approaches and application in Europe” ESDN Quarterly Report June 2007

Bond A J, Dockerty T, Lovett A, Riche A B, Haughton A J, Bohan D A, Sage R B, Shield I F, Finch J W, Turner M M, Karp A, 2010 “Learning how to deal with values, frames and governance in Sustainability Appraisal” Regional Studies doi:10.1080/00343404.2010.485181

Bond A, and Morrison-Saunders A, 2011 “Re-evaluating sustainability assessment: aligning the vision and the practice” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 31 1-7

Bond A, Viegas C V, de Souza Reinisch Coelho C C, Selig P M, (2010) “Informal knowledge processes: the underpinning for sustainability outcomes in EIA?” Journal of Cleaner Production 18 6–13

Bond A, Morrison-Saunders A, 2009 “Sustainability appraisal: jack of all trades, master of none?”Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal27(4) 321–329

Bond R, Curran J, Kirkpatrick C, Lee N, Francis P, (2001) Integrated impact assessment for sustainable development: a case study approach. World Development 29(6) 1011-1024.

Borissova O, (ed.) 2004 Implementation of Regulatory Impact Assessment. Best Practices in Europe (Center for European Programmes, American University in Bulgaria, Sofia), Accessed 15/02/11

Boyle R, 2005 “Regulatory Impact Analysis: Lessons from the Pilot Exercise” CPMR Discussion Paper No. 31 (Institute of Public Administration, Dublin)

Brookes A, R Eales, J Fisher, Foan C, Twigger-Ross C, 2001 “An approach to integrated appraisal: progress by the Environment Agency in England and Wales” Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 3(1) 95–122

Burdge R, 2008 “The focus of impact assessment (and IAIA) must now shift to global climate change!!” Environ Impact Asses Rev  28 618–22

Carroll P, 2010 “Does regulatory impact assessment lead to better policy?” Policy and Science 29 113-122

Cashmore M, Richardson T, Hilding-Ryedvik T, Emmelin L, 2010 “Evaluating the effectiveness of impact assessment instruments: theorising the nature and implications of their political constitution” Environ Impact Assessment Review 30(6) 371-379

Cashmore M, Bond A, Sadler B, 2009 “The effectiveness of impact assessment instruments” Impact Assess Proj Apprais 27 91-168

Cashmore M, Bond A, Cobb D, 2008 “The role and functioning of environmental assessment: theoretical reflections upon an empirical investigation of causation” Journal of Environmental Management 88 1233-1248

Cashmore M, Bond A, Cobb D, 2007 “The contribution of environmental assessment to sustainable development: toward a richer empirical understanding” Environmental Management 40 516 -530

Cecot C, Hahn R W, Renda A, Schrefler L, 2008 “An evaluation of the quality of impact assessment in the European Union with lessons for the U.S. and the EU”Regulation and Governance 2(4) 405-424

Cecot C, Hahn R W, Renda A, 2007 “A statistical analysis of the quality of impact assessment in the European Union” AEI- Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies  Working Paper 07-09

Centre on Regulation and Competition, 2004 “Regulatory Impact Assessment” CRC Policy Brief Number 3, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester

Chittenden F, Ambler T, Xiao D, 2007 “Impact Assessment in the EU” in Better Regulation Ed. S Weatherill (Hart Publishing, Oxford)

COWI, ECA, Scot Wilson, 2004 Evaluation of approaches to integrating sustainability into Community policies - Final Report for the Secretariat General of the European Commission (CEC, Brussels)

Dalal-Clayton B, Saddler B, 2005 “Strategic Environmental Assessment: a sourcebook and reference guide to international experience”, in Sustainability Appraisal and strategies for sustainable development, OECD, UNEP and IIED

Devuyst D, 1999 “Sustainability assessment: the application of a methodological framework” Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 1(4) 459 – 487

Dunlop C A, 2010 “The temporal dimension of knowledge and the limits

of policy appraisal: biofuels policy in the UK” Policy Sci 43 343–363

Eales R, Smith S, Twigger-Ross C, Sheate W, Ozdemiroglu E, Fry C, Tomlinson P, Foan C, 2005 “Emerging approaches to integrated appraisal in the UK” Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 23(2) 113-123

EAC (Environmental Audit Committee), 2007 Regulatory impact assessment and policy appraisal: Third report of session 2006-0, House of Commons (HMSO, London)

EEAC, 2006 Impact Assessment of European Commission Policies: Achievements and Prospects.  Statement of the EEAC Working Group on Governance, April 2006.

EU Directors of Better Regulation (DBR) Group, 2004 Acomparative analysis of Regulatory Impact Assessment in ten EU countries, link

European Court of Auditors (ECAs), 2010 “Impact assessments In the EU Institutions: do they support decision-making?” Special Report Number 3, 2010 (European Court of Auditors, Luxembourg)

Franz J, Kirkpatrick C, 2006 “Improving the quality of integrated policy analysis: impact assessment for sustainable development in the European Commission” Evidence and Policy4(2) 171-85

Garg A, 2008 “Impact assessment in the UK policy-making” International Journal of Regulation and Governance 8(2) 103-121

Garmendia E, Stagl S, 2010 “Public participation for sustainability and social learning: concepts and lessons from three case studies in Europe” Ecological Economics 69 1712 -1722

Gasparatos A, 2010 “Embedded value systems in sustainability assessment tools and their implications” Journal of Environmental Management 91(8) 1613-1622

Gasparatos A, El-Haram, Horner M, 2008 “A critical review of reductionist approaches for assessing the progress towards sustainability”  Environmental Impact Assessment Review 28 286–311

George C, 2009 Proportionate Impact Assessment: Discretion, Formalism, and the Undefined Responsibilities of European Decision-Makers IARC Working Paper Series No 23/2009, University of Manchester

George C, 2001 “Sustainability appraisal for sustainable development: Integrating everything from jobs to climate change” Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 19(2) 95–106

Geyer R, Lightfoot S, 2010 “The strengths and limits of new forms of EU governance: the cases of mainstreaming and impact assessment in EU public health and sustainable development policy” European Integration 32(4) 339-356

Gibson R B, 2006 “Sustainability assessment: basic components of a practical approach” Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 24(3) 170-182

Gibson R B, 2006 "Beyond the pillars: Sustainability Assessment as a framework for effective integration of social, economic and ecological considerations in significant decision-making" Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 8(3) 259-280

Gibson R B, Hassan S, Holtz S, Tansey J, Whitelaw G, 2005 Sustainability Assessment: Criteria, Processes and Applications (Earthscan, London)

Govender K, Hounsome R, 2006 “Sustainability assessment: dressing up SEA? Experiences from South Africa”  Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 8(3) 321–340

Hacking T, Guthrie P, 2008 “A framework for clarifying the meaning of triple bottom-line, Integrated, and Sustainability Assessment” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 28 73-89

Hacking T, Guthrie P, 2006 “Sustainable development objectives in impact assessment: why are they needed and where do they come from?” Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 8(3) 341-371

Hahn R W,  Sunstein C R, 2002 “A new executive order for improving federal regulation? Deeper and wider cost-benefit analysis”Working Paper 02-4, AEI-Brookings Joint Centre for Regulatory Studies, Washington

Hahn R W, Tetlock P C, 2008 “Has economic analysis improved regulatory decisions?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(1) 67–84

Hahn  R W, Dudley P M, 2004 “How well does the government do cost-benefit analysis?”  Working Paper No. 04-01, AEI-Brookings Joint Centre for Regulatory Studies, Washington

Hahn  R W, Burnett J K, Chan Y I, Mader E A, Moyle P R, 2000 “Assessing the Quality of Regulatory Impact Analyses” Regulatory Analysis 00-1, AEI Brookings Centre For Regulatory Studies

Hanley N, 2001 “Cost benefit analysis and environmental policy making” Environment and Planning C 19 103–118

Hardacre A, 2008 “Better Regulation – What is at stake?” EIPASCOPE 2008/2 5-10

Harrington W, Morgenstern R D, 2004 “Evaluating Regulatory Impact Analyses” Discussion Paper 04-04 (Resources for the Future, Washington)

Hermans F, Knippenberg L, 2006 “A principle-based approach for the evaluation of sustainable development” Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 8(3) 299-319

Herrick C, Sarewitz D, 2000 “Expost evaluation: a more effective role for scientific assessments in environmental policy” Science, Technology and Human Values 25(3) 309-331

Hertin J, Jacob K, Pesch U, Pacchi C, 2009a “The production and use of knowledge in regulatory impact assessment – an empirical analysis” Forest Policy and Economics 11 413-421

Hertin J, Turnpenny J, Jordan A, Nilsson M, Russel D, Nykvist B, 2009b “Rationalising the policy mess? Ex ante assessment and the utilisation of knowledge in the policy process” Environment and Planning A 41 1185-1200

Hertin J, Jacob K, Volkery A, 2008 Policy appraisal, in: Innovation in environmental policy? Integrating the environment for sustainability Ed.s Jordan A, Lenschow A,  (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham) pp114 – 133

van Herwijnen M, de Ridder W, 2007 “The selection of suitable tools for sustainability impact assessment” in Impact Assessment and Sustainable Development, European Practice and Experience Eds C George, C Kirkpatrick (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham)

Huge J, Waas T, 2010 “Converging impact assessment discourses for sustainable development: the case of Flanders, Belgium” Environment, Development and Sustainability 2010 1-20

van Ittersum M K, 2009 “Editorial: Integrated assessment of agricultural and environmental policies—concepts and tools” Environmental Science and Policy 12 543-54

Jacob K, Hertin J,Volkery A, 2007 “Impact assessment and sustainable development: European practice and experience” in Impact Assessment for a New Europe and Beyond Ed.s C George, C Kirkpatrick (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham)

Jacobs S, 2006 Current trends in regulatory impact analysis: the challenges of mainstreaming RIA into policy-making (Jacobs and Associates, Washington DC)

Jacobs S, 2004 “RIA and the economic transition to markets” Public Money and Management 24 283–290

Jay S, Jones C E, Slinn P, Wood C, 2007 “Environmental assessment: retrospect and prospect” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 27 287–300

Jones P, Lucas K, 2000 “Integrating transport into ‘joined-up’ policy appraisal” Transport Policy 7(3) 185-193

Kemp R, S Parto, R B Gibson, 2005 “Governance for sustainable development: moving from theory to practice” International Journal of Sustainable Development 8(1/2) 12-30

Kidd S, Fischer T B, 2007 “Towards sustainability: is integrated appraisal in the right direction?” Environmental and Planning C 25 233-249

Kirkpatrick C, 2006 “Regulatory impact assessment” in  International handbook on economic regulation Eds. M Crew, D Parker,(Edward

Elgar, Cheltenham) pp 232-54

Kirkpatrick C, Parker D, Eds, 2007 Regulatory impact assessment: towards better regulation? (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham)

Lee N, Kirkpatrick C, 2006 “Evidence-based policy making in Europe: an evaluation of European Commission integrated impact assessments” Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 24(1) 23-33

Lee N, 2006 “Bridging the gap between theory and practice in integrated assessment”  Environmental Impact Assessment Review26 57– 78

Lee N, Kirkpatrick C, 2004 “A pilot study of the quality of European Commission extended impact assessments” IARC Working Paper Series, Paper 8 (Impact Assessment Research Centre, University of Manchester)

Lee N, 2002 “Integrated approaches to impact assessment: substance or make-believe?” in Environmental Assessment Yearbook 2002 (Institute of Environmental Management andAssessment, Lincoln and the EIA Centre, University ofManchester)

Lofstedt R, 2007 “The ‘Plateau-ing’ of the European better regulation agenda: an analysis of activities carried out by the Barroso Commission” Journal of Risk Research 10(4) 423-447

Lofstedt R, 2004 “The swing of the regulatory pendulum in Europe: from precautionary principle to (regulatory) impact analysis” The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 28(3) 237-260

Lussis B, 2004 EU extended impact assessment review (Institut pour un Développement Durable, Ottignies)

Mather G, Vibert F, 2006 Evaluating better regulation: building the system, A Report for the City of London Corporation (European Policy Forum, London)

Martinuzzi A, 2004 “Sustainable development evaluations in Europe: market analysis, meta evaluation and future challenges” Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 6(4) 411-442

Meuwese A C M, 2008 Impact Assessment in EU Lawmaking (Kluwer Law International, The Hague)

Meuwese A C M, 2007 “Inter-institutionalizing impact assessment” in Better Regulation Ed. S. Weatherill (Hart, London) pp. 287–309

Milner S J, Bailey C, Deans J, Pettigrew, D 2005 “Integrated impact assessment in the UK: use, efficacy and future development”  Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2547–61

Morrison-Saunders A, Therivel R, 2006 “Sustainability integration and assessment”  Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 8(3) 281-298

Mussler P, Adelle C, Hertin J,  “Evaluation of impact assessment: methodological approaches, research projects and institutions” in Eds. Jacob K, Hertin J, The Practice of Impact Assessment in Europe (Springer, Berlin) (In Press)

National Audit Office (NAO), 2009 Delivering high quality Impact Assessments (HMSO, London)

NAO, 2007 Evaluation of regulatory impact assessments 2006-07 (HMSO, London)

NAO, 2006 Evaluation of regulatory impact assessments 2005-06 (HMSO, London)

NAO, 2005 Evaluation of regulatory impact assessments: compendium report 2004-05 (HMSO, London)

NAO, 2004 Evaluation of regulatory impact assessments: compendium report 2003-04(HMSO, London)

NAO (2001) Better regulation: making good use of regulatory impact assessments(HMSO, London)

Ness B, Urbel-Piirsalu E, Anderberg S, Olsson L 2007 “Categorising tools for sustainability assessment” Ecological Economics 60 498-508

Nicholson S, 2002 “Sustainability appraisal: where next?” The Environmentalist 10 27–30

Nielsen U, Lerche D B, Kjellingbro P M, Jeppesen L M, 2006 Getting proportions right: how far should EU impact assessment go? (Environmental Assessment Institute, Copenhagen)

Niestroy I, 2008 “Sustainability impact assessment and regulatory impact assessment” in Conducting sustainability assessments (OECD, Paris)

Nilsson M, Jordan A, Turnpenny J, Hertin J, Nykvist B, Russel D, 2008 “The use and non-use of policy appraisal in public policy making: an analysis of three European countries and the European Union” Policy Sciences 41(4) 335–55

Nilsson M, 2006 “The role of assessments and institutions for policy learning: a study on Swedish climate and nuclear policy formation” Policy Sciences 38 225 – 249

Nykvist B, Nilsson M, 2009 “Are impact assessment procedures actually promoting sustainable development? Institutional perspectives on barriers and opportunities found in the Swedish committee system” Environ Impact Asses Rev 29 15–24

OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2010 Institutional capacities for better regulation (OECD, Paris)

OECD, 2009 Regulatory impact analysis: a tool for policy coherence (OECD, Paris)

OECD, 2008 Building an institutional framework for regulatory impact assessment: guidance for policy-makers (OECD, Paris)

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OECD, 2006b “Determinants of quality in regulatory impact analysis” GOV/SG(2006)3 (OECD, Paris)

OECD, 2006c Policy brief on tools to initiate RIA (OECD, Paris)

OECD, 2004a Regulatory impact analysis inventory (OECD, Paris)

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OECD, 2001 “Improving policy instruments through impact assessment” Sigma Paper 31 (OECD, Paris)

OECD, 1997 Regulatory impact analysis: best practices in OECD countries (OECD, Paris)

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Owens S, 2007 “A balanced appraisal? Impact assessment of European Commission proposals” ELNI review 1/2007 2-8

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Pischke F, Cashmore M, 2006 “Decision-orientated environmental assessment: an empirical study of its theory and methods” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 26 643-662

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Pope J, Grace W, 2006 “Sustainability assessment in context: issues of process, policy and governance” Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 8(3) 373-398

Pope J, Morrison-Saunders A, Annandale D, 2005 “Applying sustainability assessment models” Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 23 293-302

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Regulatory Consulting Group Inc., Delphi Group, 2000 Assessing the Contribution

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Russel D, Jordan A, 2009 “Joining up or pulling apart? The use of appraisal to coordinate policy making for sustainable development” Environment and Planning A 41(5) 1201 – 1216

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